Systems composed of many interacting components whose collective behaviour cannot be simply inferred from the behaviour of the individual parts; characterised by nonlinearity, emergence, self-organisation, and feedback dynamics across scales.
Semantic Classification
Content
- Complex systems are characterised by nonlinear interactions, feedback loops, and emergent properties that arise from local rules without central control. Examples range from ecosystems and economies to neural and social networks.
- Their study draws on dynamical systems theory, network analysis, and computational simulation to understand phenomena such as self-organisation and phase transitions.