A robot sensor is a transducer or measurement device integrated into or used by a robot system to acquire information about the robot’s own state or its surrounding environment. Robot sensors span proprioceptive types — such as encoders, IMUs, and force-torque sensors — and exteroceptive types such as vision systems, LiDAR, radar, and proximity sensors. The data they provide forms the perceptual basis for control, motion planning, and safety functions.