Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is a technology and operating model that allows an electric vehicle’s battery to discharge stored energy back into the electricity grid, turning parked EVs into a distributed, dispatchable energy resource. It requires bidirectional charging hardware and grid-integration software that coordinates charge and discharge cycles with grid operator signals and electricity prices. V2G is a key enabling technology for demand response programmes and for smoothing the intermittency of renewable generation on the grid.