The Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework is an organisational-level theory explaining how a firm’s technological context, organisational characteristics, and external environment jointly shape the adoption and assimilation of technological innovations. It is widely applied in information-systems research to model the determinants of enterprise uptake of emerging technologies such as AI and cloud computing.
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- The technological context covers internal and available technologies; the organisational context covers structure, size, and resources; and the environmental context covers industry, competitors, and regulation. Researchers operationalise these three dimensions into measurable constructs to predict and explain enterprise innovation decisions.