Standardisation is the process by which industry participants, standards bodies and regulators develop and agree formal specifications, protocols and best practices for a technology or process, so that independently built implementations remain interoperable. It typically proceeds through a working group or industry consortium drafting a specification, a review and consensus period, and formal ratification by a recognised standards organisation such as IEEE, ISO or JEDEC. Standardisation reduces fragmentation, lowers integration cost and is a prerequisite for broad ecosystem adoption of a new technology.