Peer-to-peer energy trading is a model in which prosumers, households or businesses that generate their own renewable energy, buy and sell surplus electricity directly with one another over a local distribution network, without a centralised utility as intermediary. Transactions are typically coordinated through smart grid infrastructure and settled using blockchain-based platforms that record generation, consumption, and payment automatically. Peer-to-peer energy trading is closely linked to renewable energy certificates, which provide verifiable proof of the source and attributes of the traded energy.