A mechanical interface is the standardised physical coupling between two components that defines their geometric fit, fastening, and load transfer. In robotics it specifies how an end-effector or tool attaches to a robot wrist or actuator, governing alignment, rigidity, and quick-change capability. Well-defined mechanical interfaces enable modularity and interchangeability of subsystems.
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- Standardised flange patterns, such as ISO 9409 tool-side plates, allow tools from different vendors to attach interchangeably. Design considerations include stiffness, repeatability of re-attachment, routing of power and signal services, and tolerance to misalignment under dynamic loads.