The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) is the contemporary wave of technological change characterised by the fusion of physical, digital, and biological systems through AI, robotics, the Internet of Things, and cyber-physical systems. Popularised by the World Economic Forum, it describes how automation and data exchange reshape manufacturing, economies, and society. It is distinguished from prior revolutions by the speed, scope, and systemic impact of convergent technologies.
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- Its hallmarks include AI-driven automation, smart factories, digital twins, additive manufacturing, and pervasive connectivity. Commentators emphasise both productivity gains and disruptions to labour markets, requiring new governance, reskilling, and ethical frameworks. The concept frames policy debates on how nations and firms should adapt to accelerating, compounding innovation.